Basic Information
- Type of Place
- CDP, Unincorporated Borough, or MCD
- Metro Area
- Politics c. 1860?
- Don’t Know
- Unions, Organized Labor?
- Don’t Know
Sundown Town Status
- Sundown Town in the Past?
- Surely
- Was there an ordinance?
- Perhaps, Some Oral Evidence
- Sign?
- Don’t Know
- Year of Greatest Interest
Census Information
| Total | White | Black | Asian | Native | Hispanic | Other | BHshld | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1860 | ||||||||
| 1870 | ||||||||
| 1880 | ||||||||
| 1890 | ||||||||
| 1900 | ||||||||
| 1910 | ||||||||
| 1920 | ||||||||
| 1930 | ||||||||
| 1940 | ||||||||
| 1950 | ||||||||
| 1960 | ||||||||
| 1970 | 1320 | 0 | ||||||
| 1980 | ||||||||
| 1990 | 1441 | 4 | 12 | |||||
| 2000 | 6193 | 17 | 27 | 353 | ||||
| 2010 | ||||||||
| 2020 |
Method of Exclusion
- Threat of Violence
Main Ethnic Group(s)
- Unknown
Group(s) Excluded
- Native American
Comments
Don Cox, “Linguistic expert says ancient Indian languages are dying,” Reno Gazette-Journal, 1/2/2002 (AP)
William H. Jacobsen Jr. remembers hearing the 6 p.m. whistle blow daily in Carson Valley.
It was the sound of segregation.
“When the whistle went off, the Indians had to get out of Minden and Gardnerville,” said Jacobsen, a retired University of Nevada, Reno professor, renowned linguist, author and pioneer in the study of tribal languages.
The whistle is gone. The Washoe tribe remains, and so does Jacobsen. He is recognized as the foremost expert on the ancient and complex language of the Washoe tribe that has occupied Carson Valley and surrounding areas for thousands of years.
As a graduate student at the University of California in the 1950s, Jacobsen came to Carson Valley to learn Washoe, or Washo, the spelling most often used by linguists.
For centuries, Washoe had been a spoken language. Jacobsen learned to speak it fluently. It wasn’t written down. Jacobsen wrote it down.
“He’s responsible for the writing system we are using,” said Laura Fillmore, former director of the tribe’s language program. “He’s a brilliant linguist.”
Jacobsen, who retired from UNR’s English department in 1994, published a book, “Beginning Washo,” in 1996 based on his life’s work, which started when he wrote a 700 page dissertation on Washoe grammar.
“William Jacobsen has devoted four decades of research and scholarship to the analysis of the Washoe language and is recognized as its foremost linguistic expert,” Warren L. Azevedo, a former anthropology professor at UNR, said when the book was released.
“All recent students of Washoe culture are indebted to him for his generous guidance in accurate translation of terms and texts, and for his role in standardizing written Washoe.”
Jacobsen recalls the praise and smiles.
“I kind of fooled Azevedo,” Jacobsen said with a chuckle. “I’m not as good as he thinks I am.”
But Jacobsen, who came to Carson Valley when the road between Gardnerville and the Washoe community of Dresslerville was unpaved, doesn’t smile when he talks about the future of the tribe’s language.
It’s going to die, Jacobsen said.
He expects the Washoe language to be overwhelmed by English, the dominant language that surrounds it, in much the same way that other tribal languages have been lost.
“It’s hopeless,” said Jacobsen, who lives in Reno, still writing and lecturing on Washoe and other endangered tongues. “Languages are dying like flies all over the place.”
Older members of tribes speak the languages, Jacobsen said, but it’s difficult to teach them to children when they spend most of their time hearing and speaking English.
“In California there were 100 languages,” Jacobsen said. “Now, most are dying out.”
Spanish and white settlers, Jacobsen said, started the process of killing the native languages. Television, economics and popular culture, he said, are finishing it. Everything is done in English.
“Some kids want to,” Jacobsen said of learning tribal languages. “It gives them identity and uniqueness. Others don’t. They want to do what’s good for them economically.”
Jacobsen said when Fillmore surveyed the Washoe tribe several years ago, she found 65 members, mostly elders, who could speak the language. That number, Jacobsen said, has dropped to 30. “It removes the incentive for the kids,” Jacobsen said.
They have fewer people to teach them or to talk to if they do learn. But Fillmore hopes the trend can be reversed. “I have taught a handful of elders literacy in their language,” she said of Washoe. “I taught 50 students based on Jacobsen’s work. My hope now is that when these children come of age, they will become teachers.”
Despite the death sentences he pronounces on old languages, Jacobsen remains interested in them.
Along with Washoe, Jacobsen has written a book about the language of the Makah tribe that lives on the tip of Washington’s Olympic Peninsula.
Jacobsen, who studied 12th century French and Spanish as an undergraduate at Harvard, has taught a class at UNR in Sanskrit, a language of India that dates to the fourth century B.C.
“All languages are difficult, whether they’re tribal or not,” said Jacobsen, who started with Spanish, then learned French and Latin in high school. Sometimes, Jacobsen can’t remember all the languages he knows. “I haven’t counted lately,” he said.
A local resident who lived in Gardnerville in the 1950s describes Dresslerville, little Washoe township six miles outside Gardnerville: A dirt road connected the two. Gardnerville and Minden more or less adjoined. He thought the same whistle or siren served both; it was probably near the border. Indians in Dresslerville worked in Gardnerville, were maids, etc., but had to be out by sundown. He heard the 6PM whistle; everyone knew, white and Indian, what it was for. “Indians made themselves scarce” at 6PM. Nobody enforced it rigidly, doing anything to anyone still in town at 6:30PM. Still, “I never heard of anybody violating it.” A white woman married into Dresslerville, lives there. The siren doesn’t go on any more. Gardnerville had a Chinese-run Joy Land Cafe. The Chinese didn’t have to leave. No blacks in Gardnerville to his knowledge. The Chinese were friendly with the Indians, but the Indians had to eat in the back room.
A 1917 county ordinance mandated that Native Americans needed to be out of the town’s limits by 6:30 p.m (Palma, 2023)
From 1921 to 1974, the town’s siren signified to non-white people that they had to leave town before sundown. The siren was silenced for two months in 2006, before being brought back two months later, along with a new town ordinance which changed the meaning of the siren, now describing its intent as honoring first responders (Metz, 2021).
In 2021, Nevada passed a law (Assembly Bill 88) which forbid a town from sounding a siren signaling “persons of a particular race, ethnicity, ancestry, national origin or color to leave the county or a city, town or township within the county by a certain time.” (Yellow Swan, 2023). Minden officials first dismissed this legislation stating the the siren was meant to honour first responders. A much critiqued deal was however reached with the Washoe Tribe for the siren to be moved to 5 pm. (Dehaven, 2021). The siren was however officially silenced in 2023 with the passing of bill SB391 which further specified that a siren, bell, or alarm could not be sounded for purposes other than : (1) alerting persons to an emergency; (2) testing the siren, bell or alarm at reasonable time intervals of not more than once every 6 months; or (3) celebrating or recognizing a legal holiday on the day of the legal holiday or the day on which the legal holiday is recognized by existing law (DNAA, 2023)